Early+Latin+America

Early Latin America

Spanish Colonies i. Allowed distribution of food to laborers ii. Revived with slavery and sugar i. Diseases were brought in from Europe ii. Encomienda system destroyed the native population i. Tried to create justice i. Road building ii. Mining iii. Agriculture i. Worked for Spanish landowners i. Allowed Indians to gain wages as they worked i. Isabella ordered Jews to convert or leave 1. 200,000 people left i. Workers were professional magistrates i. Led 600 men to the Coast of Mexico ii. Attacked the Aztec Empire iii. With the help of Indians <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. He was able to reach the capital of Tenochtitlan <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Captured the Aztec emperor ** Mocetzuma II ** and killed him <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Cortes retreated to the coast <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 2.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Mexico City replace Tenochtitlan <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Went as far as current day Kansas || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Novels, Music, Social thinker <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Wrote religious novels in order for conversion <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Planned reforms <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Built with a town hall, major church, and governor's palace in the central plaza <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. More planned out than Europe cities <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Represented by individual priests <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Later by missionaries <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Soon a university had been established ||
 * E || ** Economy Main Idea: Silver would be the driver in the economy of the colonies in Spanish. **
 * 1) ** Encomiendas **
 * 2) Conquistadors would be given a certain area of land to have dominion over. The natives would be under their control.
 * 3) Atlantic economy
 * 4) Made by immigration, commerce, and exploitation of native population
 * 5) Established a colony in Santo Domingo also known as ** Hispaniola **
 * 6) Led to new explorations and conquests
 * 7) Caribbean
 * 8) Agricultural Taino people
 * 1) Ranches and sugar plantations replaced gold hunting
 * 2) Expeditions
 * 3) People signed up in order to gain shares
 * 4) Those who brought horses would acquire double shares
 * 5) Agrarian society - 80% of the people worked on land
 * 6) Silver mining was highly valued
 * 7) ** Huancavelica -** Mercury mining
 * 8) Merchant guild called ** consulado **
 * 9) Controlled goods shipped to America
 * 10) Handled currency ||
 * S || Main Idea: Th e social hiearchy of the Americas was ethnic compared to the social hierarchy of Spain which was hierditary. Created a caste system with an inpressive labor system﻿ - Kevin Chan
 * 1) Spanish conquest
 * 2) Destroyed native populations
 * 1) ** Encomendero **
 * 2) Used their people to gather money and labor
 * 3) Slavery, gold hunting, and diseases destroyed the natives
 * 4) Immigrants had populated the Americas
 * 5) Mostly by Spanish women
 * 6) African slaves were imported in order to establish a labor force
 * 7) ** Bartolome de Las Casas **
 * 8) A conquistador turned priest
 * 1) Laborers
 * 2) Could be called by the government in order to work on state projects
 * 1) Caused many Indians to leave their villages and avoid labor and tax
 * 1) Wage labor
 * 1) Adapted to Spanish legal system
 * 2) Spanish law
 * 3) Allowed individuals to own their own mines
 * 4) Everything else belonged to the king and queen ||
 * P || ** Main Idea Political: The conquistadors were the leaders of the conquered areas and it would be the Spanish became the rulers of the land. **
 * 1) ** Ferdinand of Aragon ** and **Isabella of Castile**
 * 2) Created a program of unification
 * 3) Used to eliminate religious and ethnic diversities of their kingdoms
 * 4) Conquer of Granada in 1492
 * 1) Created an administrative institution
 * 2) Governorship
 * 3) Treasury office
 * 4) Royal court of appeals
 * 1) Laws were created which were based in Spain and American experience
 * 2) ** Hernan Cortes **
 * 3) In 1519
 * 1) Francisco Pizarro
 * 2) Defeated the Inca
 * 3) ** Francisco Vazquez de Coronado **
 * 4) Searched for mystical cities of gold
 * I || Interactions: The Spanish interacted with the African slaves and Natives on creating a unique culture.
 * 1) There would be the obvious cultural exchange between the Spanish and the Natives as they would begin to create their own culture distinct from the Spanish culture and from the Native culture. ||
 * R || Religion ruled the land and it would justify treatment of the Natives.
 * 1) Catholic church
 * 2) Schools were run by the clergy
 * 3) Religion would be one of the justifications of the Spanish mistreatment of the Native Americans ||
 * I || # ** Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz ** - Wrote poetry
 * 1) Catholic church paved the way for social thinking and intellectual ideas
 * 2) Governed schools
 * 1) ** Amigos del pais **
 * 2) People met in many cities
 * 1) Built cities to match the Iberian styles
 * 2) Hurricanes and native resistance caused the cities to be abandoned
 * 3) Towns
 * 1) Church was built
 * 1) Cathedral was built in 1530
 * T || ** Not much technology developed at this time that had not pre-existed. **
 * 1) ** Galleons -** Armed ships used to carry silver to the king/queen ||



Summary: In layman's terms, Juan GInes de Sepulveda believed that the Spanish were the most dominant European state and that it was their right to expand their state. He goes further and says that the way the Natives of the Americas ruled, they were naturally inferior. He does admit that the Natives are physically stronger but the intellectual dominance of the European states made them the owners of these people. It also refers to the religious justification saying that it was their duty to convert the people to Christianity in order for them to be the good Christians they wanted to be.

Points: Do you believe that the Europeans really have a intelligence dominance?

Does Darwinism still apply to human beings at this time?

Main Idea: Sepulveda not only believed that the Spanish had religious responsiblity to civilize the Native, but had the right to enslave the "inferior" people of the Americas for the advancement of the Spanish people.

Mega Main Idea: Sepúlveda believed that the Spanish had a religious responsibility to civilize the natives and had the right to enslave them due to their superiority in culture, intellect, and religion, and if the people did not submit, then war was justified.



Quick Comparison of POV: Sepulveda is a devout Spanish person that took pride in the Spanish culture and heritage. His paper was more a way to boost the Spanish rather than bringing down the Natives. Casas actually looks at the situation with more of a realistic point of view. Less critical of the Natives but it would sound as if he has actually encountered the culture that he so devoutly defends. Since las Casas was a friar and had experience, he thinks that they are a subculture but he does not tear them down since he seen them. Sepulveda wanted to defend the encomienda system.

Summary: Sepulveda and las Casas both were boosting the Spanish. However Sepulveda was completely based on the things that he had heard from his people that were coming from the New World. Las Casas was actually in the colonies and experienced the Native Americans first hand. Although he still tore down the Natives, he did not put them at the level of savages.

** __Brazil__ **** __: The First Plantation Colony__ ** – ** In Brazil the Portuguese created the first great plantation colony of the Americas, growing sugar with the use of Native American and then African slaves. In the 18th century, the discovery of gold opened up the interior of Brazil to settlement and the expansion of slavery. **  **  __Multiracial Societies__ – The mixture of whites, Africans, and Indians created the basis of multiracial societies in which hierarchies of color, status, and occupation all operated. By the 18th century, the castas, people of mixed origin, began to increase rapidly and had become a major segment of the population. ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">** i.  ** Mestizos were the creation of another social ring on the social ladder. Not quite Spanish but not Indian. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">** i.  ** Distinctions are made between Spanish people born in Spain and born in America. Peninsulares vs. Creoles ** __The 18th-Century Reforms__ – Increasing attacks on the Iberian empires by foreign rivals led to the Bourbon reforms in Spanish America and the reforms of Pombal in Brazil. These changes strengthened the two empires but also generated colonial unrest that eventually led to movements for independence. **
 * ** Pedro Alvares Cabral – **the first leader of the Portuguese that landed in South America in 1500 as a pit stop to India
 * ** Capitaincies – ** Portuguese lords that were given small strips of land to be the leaders of.
 * 1) **  Sugar and Slavery  **
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Brazil would hold the position as the world’s leading sugar producer.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> 150,000 slaves were eventually used for this, this was half the population.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> The social structure would be based of the plantation system as the white were the aristocrats and the darker the skin meant the closer one is to the slave roots.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> They were ruled on a bureaucratic system
 * 1)  ** Brazil **** ’s Age of Gold **
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** Paulistas ** or people that hailed from Sao Paulo that searched for precious metals while the sugar industry faltered.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** Minas Gerais ** is the area of Brazil that would become the center of the gold strikes that would make Brazil prosperous again.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Produced 3 tons of gold a year making it the greatest source of gold in the West
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** Rio de Janeiro ** would grow in size because it was the port for the mines.
 * 1) **  The Society of Castas  **
 * 2)  Mixing of the races was common with interracial marriages because of a lack of Spanish women and to form unions.
 * 1)  ** Sociedad de Castas ** was basically a society based on the racial origins of the people, with Europeans at the top.
 * ** Amigos del pais ** were people that talked about reform within the countries.
 * 1) **  The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade  **
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Spain was weakened by debt and by declining population and started loosing footing in the Caribbean.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** War of the Spanish Succession ** would establish the Bourbons as heirs to the Spanish throne.
 * 1) **  Bourbon Reforms  **
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** Charles III ** moved for economic nationalism and a strong centralized government to institute economic, administrative, and military reforms
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> ** Jose de Galvez **was a royal investigator which uncovered corruption.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Pure Spanish were put back into positions of power and revitalized the empire.
 * 1) **  Pombal and Brazil  **
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> ** Marquis of Pombal ** hoped to find a way to keep the gold being found in Brazil for Portugal and not for England.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> He reduced religious drive.