Civilizations+in+Decline

Civilizations in Decline

Credit given to __**Daniel Glynn**__
 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * They lost more territory with conflicts between Russia during the reign of Peter and Catherine
 * Janissaries became rebellious and did not cooperate with the state.
 * Sultans in the 1800s became more equipped to handle the decline of the Empire
 * 1839-1876 the Tanzimat reforms emphasized greater religious tolerance for non Muslims living in the Ottoman Empire
 * Nationalism combined with the Napoleonic Wars led uprisings in the Turkish states
 * The Greeks fought for independence and won it in 1832.
 * Young Turks that were pro Western did not like how the sultans handled the problems of the Ottoman Empire
 * The Ottomans lost their territory in North Africa and in the Balkans
 * The Ottoman Empire would become the state of Turkey. || * Egypt fell under European rule after the defeat of the Ottomans.
 * Muhammad Ali's grandson Ismail, decided to build a canal across the Suez.
 * The canal would support European domination of the region.
 * Thousands of Egyptians died during construction of the Suez Canal
 * In 1875 Britain bought all of Egypt's shares which caused them to interfere in local politics ||

__**The Decline of the Qing Empire**__ **MI: The introduction of opium to the market under Qing Rule would give way to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.**
 * Qianlong was the last strong ruler of the Qing ( 1736-1795)
 * the cost of maintaining borders along the northern and western parts of China were becoming more and more expensive
 * the economy began to weaken as the population rose rapidly
 * China was too strong to conquer- tea was their strongest commodity
 * The British found a way to break the Chinese into the Chinese markets: with opium- British began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India
 * Opium became very popular in China- the British controlled 80% of the opium trade to China
 * the illegal trade outraged the Chinese government
 * their economy began to decline because peoples' addictions slowed productivity
 * **Opium War** 1839-1842- the Qing government tried to stop the spread of opium by arresting dealers, but this made an excuse to start a war- in the first battle the British won easily by establishing the Treaty of Nanking on the Chinese- the Chinese had to open 5 more ports to foreign trade, lower tariffs on British goods, and grant rights to areas in China where British traders lived- British law ruled those areas- China surrendered Hong Kong to Britain
 * new treaties legalized opium trade and opened more ports to foreign trade- powers were granted to the Portuguese, French, British, Americans, and Russians who set up economic concessions in Chinese territory- Japan, Germany, and Italy gained economic concessions as well
 * MI: Rebellion would lead to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty and would establish the China that exists today.**
 * **Taiping Rebellion** 1850-1864- very costly and most devastating civil war in world history; claimed 20 to 30 million lives- second deadliest war next to WWII- **Xiuquan** started the uprising- wanted to become a government official but failed the civil service exam- out of shock he convinced himself that he was the brother of Jesus Christ. Got a lot of followers and started to fight for power.
 * __Open Door Policy in 1898__ allowed all nations to have equal access to Chinese markets
 * **Boxer Rebellion-** Chinese had built up much anger towards foreign influence and control- rebellion was made up of "boxers", martial arts experts- they attacked foreign residences and besieged foreign legations- the rebellion was put down by foreign troops, they forced the Qing government to pay a big financial penalty

Credited to __**Dan Glynn**__