Mediterranean+Greek+and+Roman

**__ Primary Source Analysis __** __ Document: Plutarch's Lives __ What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || It was created after the fact that the Spartans had lived their so Plutarch did not experience what he is writing first hand. Sparta was not democratic. They had a king and a council and it was a much more patriarchal. "War culture where women were strong." - Kevin Chan || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience is for anyobdy who has an inquiry about the city-state of Sparta. They are not talking to anybody in a direct manner. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  The same reason any historian writes about something. They did not want the history to be lost. "Among the many innovations which Lycurgus made, the first and most important was his institution of a senate, or Council of Elders, which, as Plato says, by being blended with the "feverish" government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance, brought safety and due moderation into counsels of state." || Support with quotes  ||  Sparta was the representation of Aries. They were much more militaristic than Athens as they did not concentrate on the equality of people but rather quick and efficient leadership with a kingship and a council. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  Historians can say that they know a second hand knowledge of what Sparta was like. The society concentrated more on military power. ||
 * __Sparta__**
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Plutarch created this passage. He was from Corinth and not from Sparta so he is more impartial than somebody from Sparta. He was an optimist though and he did write uplifting passages about everything.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Sparta, but it was written around 45 C.E. although the information is from 800-600 B.C.E  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

Questions?

__ Document: Pericles' Speech __ What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || We know that Athens had a new type of government the world had never seen. They had a democracy where every man, no matter the social status, could voice their opinion in government and be respected for it. "Polytheistic religions where it centralized certain gods around certain things. The patron of Athens is Athena. It dominated cultural life" - Dan Glynn || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || His audience is the people of Athens. Pericles is telling them how bravely they fought the war so they must feel pride in their association to such a great city. "The king was being sympathetic to the loss of the people." - Daniel Glynn || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  Pericles had to deliver a speech to keep the people on his side for the fighting. Often when a lot of people die, it is common that the people don't want to keep fighting, but he needs to keep them with his cause. "Pericles wanted to make Athens one of the strongest nations of the world." - Dan Glynn. || Support with quotes  ||  "Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a model for others than imitators ourselves." They are a great state and they have nothing to envy of other neighboring states. The fact that they are willing to fight and die for it only makes it more honorable. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  It is significant because it tells us a lot about the culture of Ancient Athens. It tells us that they pride themselves in the fact that they had such a functioning democracy and firmly believed that they were better than everyone else. "It shows the leader's insatiable hunger to spread power." - Dan Glynn ||
 * __Athens__**
 * __P____rimary Source Analysis__**
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Pericles was the leader of Athens at the peak of its time. Obviously he would have to present himself as confident as he could about the Athenian state and its future in a respectful manner.  War General ||
 * Place – Where and when was it created - || Athens in the winter of 431-430 B.C.E. ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

Questions? How do they have this speech? Who recorded it?

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 * E || The economy of Sparta was introverted as they did not look to become a trading metropolis as seen through their change of currency from gold and silver to iron which was ridiculed in all of Greece. || The economy of Athens flourished with trading as they were so close to the coast, they could ship off goods. ||
 * S || Women had a lot more rights as they were respected as the “Mothers of the warriors”. || Everyone was meant to respect each other but women still took a secondary role to men, someone to serve them rather than help them. ||
 * P || Sparta had two kings and an assembly of aristocrats. The ruled hardly had a voice in government. || Athens was a democracy with an Assembly that every man that owned land could participate in. They also had one elected leader. ||
 * I |||| Both city-states interacted with each other through war and with surrounding areas through trade. But the city states also formed allies do to the wars between Sparta and Athens. ||
 * R |||| Both city-states had the same religion for which we really don’t have a name for other than Greek Mythology. Aries, the male god of war and destruction was the patron god of Sparta and Athena the female god of war and fairness was the patron god of Athens. ||
 * I || Sparta believed in the development of the perfect soldiers. || Athens believed in the development of arts and philosophy. ||
 * T |||| Both city-states were in close proximity of each other thus making it almost impossible to even have certain technological advancements that they would not hear about in the other city state. Athens did use cranes to build things like the Pantheon. ||

Sparta and Athens were the most prominent Greek city-states and although they were both fundamentally Greek and had the same culture and religion, they differed on their goals, economies, and governments. Both Sparta and Athens worshipped the same gods and heros even though they had different patron gods. Both believed in the dominance of Greek reasoning and philosophy although Athens did more because of their strong centralization of thought and reasoning. Athens was a coastal city and therefore not only had a strong navy but strong maritime trade. They used gold and silver in their currency. However, Sparta was solely concentrated on having a strong military so they invested on training the young boys and not in expanding their economic dominance. They even switched their gold and silver currency to iron. Athens had the first democracy in the world where every man that owned land could voice their opinion in government. Sparta had two kings and an assembly of aristocrats that decided what was best for the people. There differences would ultimately be a large deciding factor in who would win the Peloponnesian War.

NOTES 508 BCE in a town called Athens, people revolted against the government. Clistenice said that the people had the right to govern themselves. He was the inventor of democracy basically. Born around 570 BCE. He was rich and lived in a palace. He was an aristocrat. Athens was built on top of an acropolis. It would help in defense of the city. Life expectency was 15 years. Greece was divided into city-states. They were not politically unified. They wanted independence from the other city-states. Corinthians dominated trade. Sparta was militaristic. Ancient tales and myths would fuel people to push themselves. Poets memorized million of lines of poetry. The rise of Pisisteris would give rise to agriculture. Olives would provide oil. The olive oil would be exported to the eastern Mediterannean. The olympics started in Ancient Greece. Voting would be done with stones. White meant yes and black meant no. **__ The development of Athens as one of the strongest Greek city-states was largely due to the polarization of the classes, geographic location, and the rise of leadership from Cleisthenes. __**  Civilization/Nation/Group: Roman

Time Period


 * E || Omar's Main Idea "The Roman economy was contructed upon the free labor of slaves, the proliferation of commercial agriculture with other civilizations and colonies, and the advancement of agriculture, specifically olives and grapes. ﻿" ||

"In one case cited in the law texts of the empire, a slave was being shaved by a barber in a public square; two men were playing ball nearby, and one accidentally hit the barber with the ball, causing him to cut the slave's throat. Who was responsible for the tragedy: the barber, catcher, or pitcher? According to Roman law, the slave - for anyone so foolish as to be shaved in a public place was asking for trouble and bore the responsibility himself." ||
 * S ||  ||
 * P || **__The Roman system of government was the first representative democracy of the world.__**
 * The Roman citizens would vote for aristocrats which basically composed the Senate and they would make all the decisions.
 * The Senate would elect two consuls to share executive power.
 * The Senate would appoint a dictator or an emperor in time of crisis to have complete power until the crisis was over.
 * The government was religiously tolerant. Other than the Christians because they would not place their devotion to the state first.
 * The representative democracy would nurture a culture of political inquiry.
 * I ||  ||
 * R ||  ||
 * I ||  ||
 * T ||  ||

The Romans and the Greeks would rule the Mediterranean during the Classical period. Both would be unique civilizations whose legacies live on today. They would establish democracy as their form of government as **Athens** had pure democracy and the Romans had a republican democracy. They would ultimately fail to establish a religion that would gain popularity through out its borders, but the Romans would largely be the reason for the quick and wide spread of **Christianity**. Both economies depended heavily on trade as their main products would be art and wine. The Romans would get their staple crops from Africa once they ruled there. Culturally, the two were identical as they shared similarities in their religious beliefs and also in their archetectual designs. As the religion was used more for entertainment rather than a moral guide, both would harbor philosophical "research and enlightenment". This is where we would come to know names such as **Plato** and **Aristotle**. Greece put more emphasis on arts and theater as seen in the names **Sophocles** (Antigone) and **Homer** (Iylliad and Odyssey).