Mongols


 * E || * Conquered lands would have to pay tribute to the Mongols. They were very heavy.
 * Encouraged trade among the Empire as a way to spread ideas.
 * Free trade.
 * Traded meat for goods of sedentary goods.
 * The Mongols were dependant on herding goats and sheep and contrary to popular belief, they were not hunter gatherers.
 * The economy flourished in a the sense that the actual speed of the trade was increased. ||
 * S || * The area that was being conquered would either become slaves (or dead) or remain with the same social structures depending on whether they surrendered to the Mongol forces and payed tribute or not.
 * Chinggis Khan had multiple wives. (socially acceptable to have multiple wives)
 * Clan structure based on family ties. ||
 * P || * The Mongols were very similar to the Arabic nomads.
 * Separated into kinship clans that would periodically join forces to fight off threats.
 * Chinggis Khan was named the supreme ruler of the Mongols due to his military power and the promises it made.
 * Karakorum was made the capital of the Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Foreign rulers were not replaced if they surrendered, they just had to pay tributes.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After the death of Chinggis Khan, the Empire was split into four. Ogedei was grand khan though. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 65pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: -19pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">expanded their empire and strengthened their rule
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">revived some older kingdoms
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">caused Renaissance in Europe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">established a revival ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 65pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: -19pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mongols had no set religion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">people allowed to practice any religion they wanted a long as they were loyal to the mongols
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">because the people were always on the move no religion was established ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 65pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: -27pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">much knowledge integrated with knowledge from other conquered lands
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this mix of knowledge allowed for the creation of new weapons and strategies ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 65pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: -19pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">flaming arrows
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">exploding arrows
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">gunpowder
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">canons
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">catapults
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">battering rams
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">explosives ||

** __ The Mongols Interlude in Chinese History __ ** ** After decades of hard campaigning in the mid 13th century, the Mongols gained control of the greatest prize of all, China, which they ruled for a century. Although the Chinese capacity to assimilate nomadic conquerors was evident from the outset, the Mongols managed to retain a distinct culture and social separateness. **
 * __ Kubilai Khan __
 * One of the grandsons of Chinggis Khan.
 * Would lead the Mongols forces against the remainder of the Song
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> From 1235 to 1279, the Mongols were constantly fighting battle after battle.
 * In 1260, Kubilai Khan became the great khan.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> In 1271, it was recommended he change his name to a more Chinese style name. The Yuan dynasty was born.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> He took multiple precautions to keep the Chinese separate from the Mongols.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Forbade Chinese scholars to learn Mongol script
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Separated the militaries
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Friendships between the two people were even discouraged.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> He was still fascinated by the Chinese culture.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Surrounded himself by Confucian, Daoist and Buddhist scholars.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Introduced Chinese rituals and music to his court.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Made the Chinese calendar the official calendar.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> He did however refuse to reinstate the civil service exams.
 * New social structure of the Yuan Era
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Mongols, Asian nomads and Muslim allies were on top.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Then came the North Chinese
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Then the ethnic Chinese and the minority peoples of the South.
 * Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture: ** Mongol women remained distinct from Chinese women but respected the culture. **
 * Mongol women would not follow certain Chinese traditions.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Refused to practice footbinding as it limited the activities they could do.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Women had rights to property and control within the household.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> They could wander the town and countryside.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Mongol women would ride in hunts with their husbands and sometimes even create their own hunting parties.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;">__ Chabi __
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> The wife of Kubilai Khan
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in;"> Would convince him to treat the survivors of the South less harshly as it would cause Northern dissent.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in;"> Encouraged Buddhist interests in the highest levels of government.
 * Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence: ** Kubilai Khan demonstrated great tolerance of different ideas and even encouraged foreign influence. **
 * Kubilai Khan lived in a Chinese style imperial city and had Muslims propose a new system for efficient tax collection.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Persian astronomers would correct the Chinese calendar with their advanced instruments.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Muslim doctors would translate 36 volumes of Muslim medicine to the imperial library.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Allowed Buddhists, Nestorian Christians, Daoists, and Latin Christians to his court.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;">__ Marco Polo __
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Would provide one of the only European accounts of the development of this area when he visited the great khan.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> His account would encourage European states to look for a naval way to the riches of the Empire.
 * Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance: ** Kubilai Khan’s efforts to promote Mongol adaptation to Chinese culture were overshadowed in the long run by measures to preserve Mongol separateness. **
 * By refusing to reinstate the social service exams, Kubilai Khan essentially said that the scholar-gentry would not rule again.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> However the scholar gentry would be insulted when he placed high value on the artisan classes.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> The merchant class and artisan class rose in social status because Kubilai Khan appreciated their spread of culture.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> The scholar gentry thought it was a waste of time.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in;"> The // Romance of the West Chamber // would be written at this time.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in;"> Artist became celebrities.
 * Kubilai Khan was able to receive the approval of the scholar gentry class.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> His policies towards peasants and the reduction of their taxes would ultimately win support.
 * The Fall of the House of Yuan: ** With the death of Kubilai Khan and no great leader to follow, the Yuan Dynasty fell. **
 * Military failures in Japan and Vietnam would show the Chinese people that the Mongol military was not as invincible as it was once believed.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Weak leadership would give way to Muslim and Chinese officials abusing their power, becoming more fascinated with becoming rich.
 * The 1350’s would demonstrate dynasty decline through raids and banditry.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> The __White Lotus Society__ was a religious sect that encouraged the overthrowing of the dynasty.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> They claimed magical healing powers and told the lower class to revolt.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> __Ju Yuanzhang__ would emerge to find the Ming Dynasty when the Yuan completely collapsed.
 * Afterschock: The Brief Ride of Timur: ** Timur-I Lang would represent the final of the nomadic threats. **
 * __Timur-I Lang__ was a Turkish leader.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Was of noble heritage.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Complex person.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Loved the arts and experiences of different cultures.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Loved to be a ruthless killer that would be indifferent to human suffering.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.5in;"> This kind of suffering would not be seen until the 20th century.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> Created an empire that would not reach the size of the Mongol Empire or even be as successful in establishing trade.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0in;"> Slaughtered people and conquered others on fear.
 * <span style="margin-top: 0in; 0in margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.5in;"> His death would have his empire split up.